Selected Scholarly Aquaculture and Seafood Readings
It is already a well established fact: We have over-fished our oceans…
As a result, if the planet’s oceans continue to be over-harvested, countless millions are going to suffer. What is the most reasonable solution to feed the multitudes and continue to sustain population growth? How do we come to the aid of an already struggling fishing industry?
Modern Aquaculture Technology.
Below are sited some scholarly works by well respected, published authorities on aquaculture trends, fish and seafood regulations in the US, international aquaculture, fish and shrimp raceway hatchery standards, sustainable seafood regulators, and much more.
The authors are cited with very specific details related to where their works are published and where to find them to investigate aquaculture more fully.
These scholarly works are not just for the technically savvy biologist or researcher. They are provided for anyone who wants to research the newest trends in aquaculture that are making a difference in the world today.
In other words, don’t just “take our word for it”. Read up on modern day aquaculture from experts who have pioneered the field along with us over the last two decades.
==================
Cohen, J., T.M. Samocha, J.M. Fox and A.L. Lawrence. 2005. Biosecured production of juvenile Pacific white shrimp in an intensive raceway system with limited water discharge. Aquacultural Engineering 32(3-4):425-442.
Davis, D.A. and C.R. Arnold.1998. The design, management and production of a recirculating raceway system for the production of marine shrimp. Aquacultural Engineering 17:193-211.
Gandy, R.L. 1997. U.S. national live bait shrimp market survey. Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas.
Gandy, R., T.M. Samocha, E.R. Jones, and D.A. McKee. 2001.
The Texas live bait shrimp market. Journal of Shellfish Fisheries 20(1):365-367. de Garza, Yta, D.B. Rouse and D.A. Davis. 2004. Influence of nursery period on the growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei under pond production conditions. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 35:357-35.
Hanson T.R., R.K. Wallace, L.U. Hatch and W. Hosking. 1999. Coastal Alabama recreational live bait study, Report on the 1997 and 1998 Alabama live bait market surveys. Report prepared for the Auburn University Marine Extension and Research Center, 4170 Commander’s Dr., Mobile, Alabama. AUMERC 00-1. 30pp.
Mays, R., J.A. Venero, D.A. Davis, D.B. Rouse and I.P. Saoud. (in press). Nursery protocols for the rearing of the brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus aztecus: effects of stocking density, salinity and EDTA on growth and survival. Journal of Applied Aquaculture.
Sandifer, P.A., J. S. Hopkins, A.D. Stokes and C.L. Browdy. 1993. Preliminary comparisons of the native Penaeus setiferus and Pacific Penaeus vannamei white shrimp for pond culture in South Carolina.
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 24:295-303.
Samocha, T.M., B.J. Burkott, A.L. Lawrence, Y.S. Juan, E.R. Jones and D.A. McKee. 1998. Management strategies for production of the Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus as bait shrimp in outdoor ponds. Journal of World Aquaculture Society 29:211-220.
Samocha, T.M. and R. Gandy. 2000. Protocol for nursery raceway. Acuacultura del Ecuador 39:72-77.
Zajicek, P., D. Zimett, C. Adama and A. Lazur. 1997. Live bait shrimp market analysis and farm enterprise budget. Bureau of Seafood and Aquaculture. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
5 comments
Comments feed for this article
December 4, 2008 at 2:09 pm
Henry T.
All this info goes to reinforce the demand for more knowledge in the make-up of our foods!
December 9, 2008 at 9:21 pm
anonymousme
There are more things to eat on this planet than fish and chips. Why would a reduction of ocean yield deprive people entirely of protein? There are many other sources of protein besides fish!
December 9, 2008 at 9:31 pm
REPLYTOAPATHY
To Anonymousme: I’ll be very happy to answer that for you with TONS of references!!!
Because not all people have availability to eat “fish and chips”. In some areas of the planet, if people do not have a reliable source of fish and/or shrimp in their diet…they have NO source of protein in their diet!!! But I am not the one to take it up with…….
I am just saying if you want to dispute the facts…take it up with the World’s Governments who disseminate the facts (albeit, begrudgingly). I have no ulterior motive. I am not to profit from whether or not people on this planet go hungry or prosper.
A fact is what it is…if the ocean continues to decrease its yield…then that translates into millions going with a viable source of protein in their diet!
Modern aquaculture holds the key to feeding millions. Do you dispute that fact? Take it up with China who has very recently joined the US in becoming the gross consumers of shrimp.
But their shrimp harvests are so poorly regulated and so ridden with disease that it is a coin toss as to whether or not the people are going to be able to even eat “safe seafood”.
And the only people in China who can even afford the shrimp harvest of their own nation are considered to be their “Middle Class” which only make up about 25% of the entire Nation…or Republic..or whatever we are calling it these days.
The FACT of the matter is this: Modern Aquaculture, done correctly, holds a significant key to providing the world with a sustainable food source. Who can take issue with that?
What’s so wrong with finding new ways to feed the hungry?
READ A BOOK!
“In the early 1990s, the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which monitors oceanic fisheries, reported that all of the world’s 17 major fisheries were being harvested at or beyond their sustainable capacity and that 9 were in a state of decline. Many countries were trying to protect their fisheries from overfishing and eventual collapse. In 1992, Canada, which had waited too long to restrict the catch in its 500-year-old cod fishery off the coast of Newfoundland, was forced to suspend fishing there entirely, putting some 40,000 fishers and fish processors out of work. Then in late 1993, Canada closed additional stretches of water to cod fishing, with the off-limits area creeping down toward the U.S. coast. The United States followed with restrictions designed to save its cod, haddock, and flounder fisheries off New England.
On the West coast, conditions were no better. In April 1994, the Pacific Fishery Management Council banned salmon fishing off Washington State in an effort to protect the species from extinction. In Oregon and California, stringent salmon quotas were imposed. Actions by the United States and Canada, combined with similar measures by governments elsewhere, implicitly acknowledge that unrestricted harvesting could destroy fisheries, depriving the world of a valuable food source.
The inability of governments to cooperate in oceanic fishery management means that instead of yielding maximum sustainable catch indefinitely, many fisheries have been fished to the verge of collapse. Atlantic stocks of the heavily fished bluefin tuna, a standby in Tokyo’s sushi restaurants, have been cut by a staggering 94 percent. It will take years for such long-lived species to recover, even if fishing stops altogether.”
6. FAO, Yearbook of Fishery Statistics: Capture Production (Rome: various years); United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision (New York: February 2001).
7. FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 1993 (Rome: 1993); Mark Clayton, “Hunt for Jobs Intensifies as Fishing Industry Implodes,” Christian Science Monitor, 25 August 1993; Clyde H. Farnsworth, “Cod are Almost Gone and a Culture Could Follow,” New York Times, 28 May 1994.
8. “Salmon Fishing Banned Along Washington Coast,” Washington Post, 10 April 1994.
9. Based on “Bluefin Tuna Reported on Brink of Extinction,” Journal of Commerce, 10 November 1993, and on Ted Williams, “The Last Bluefin Hunt,” in Valerie Harms et al., The National Audubon Society Almanac of the Environment: The Ecology of Everyday Life (New York: Grosset/Putnam, 1994), p. 185.
10. Lester R. Brown, “The Aral Sea: Going, Going.,” World Watch, January/February 1991, pp. 20-27.
11. Paul Goble, “Another Dying Sea,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 20 June 2001.
12. Dead lakes in Canada from “Planet in Peril,” New Internationalist, May 1987; mercury contaminated fish from Patricia Glick, The Toll From Coal (Washington, DC: National Wildlife Federation, April 2000), p. 10.
13. Lauretta Burke et al., Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Coastal Ecosystems (Washington, DC: WRI, 2000), pp. 19, 51; coastal wetland loss in Italy from Lester R. Brown and Hal Kane, Full House (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994), p. 82.
14. Clive Wilkinson, Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2000 (Townsville, Australia: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, 2000), p. 1.
15. Brown and Kane, op. cit. note 13, pp. 83-84.
16. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Environmental Outlook (Paris: 2001), pp. 109-20.
17. J.A. Gulland, ed., Fish Resources of the Ocean (Surrey: U.K.: Fishing News Ltd., 1971), an FAO-sponsored publication that estimated that oceanic fisheries would not be able to sustain an annual yield of more than 100 million tons.
18. Caroline Southey, “EU Puts New Curbs on Fishing,” Financial Times, 16 April 1997.
19. Dan Bilefsky, “North Sea’s Cod Grounds to be Closed for 12 Weeks,” Financial Times, 25 January 2001; Paul Brown and Andrew Osborn, “Ban on North Sea Cod Fishing,” Guardian, 25 January 2001; Alex Kirby, “UK Cod Fishing ‘Could be Halted,'” BBC News, 6 November 2000.
20. Diadie Ba, “Senegal, EU Prepare for Fisheries Deal Tussle,” Reuters, 28 May 2001.
21. Frederick Noronha, “Overfishing Along India’s West Coast Threatens to Wipe Out Fish,” Environment News Service, 16 October 2000.
22. FAO, op. cit. note 6; United Nations, op. cit. note 6.
===========
Want more proof?
Increasing the Contribution of Aquaculture for Food Security and Poverty Alleviation
Albert G. J. Tacon1
The Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795 USA
Tacon, A.G.J. 2001. Increasing the contribution of aquaculture for food security and poverty alleviation. In R.P. Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery & J.R. Arthur, eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium. Technical Proceedings of the Conference on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. pp.63-72. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome.
ABSTRACT:
Hunger and malnutrition remain amongst the most devastating problems facing the world’s poor and needy, and continue to dominate the health of the world’s poorest nations.
With the world population doubling in size from three to six billion people from 1960 to 1999 and currently growing at 1.33 percent per year (or an annual net addition of 78 million people), and expected to reach 7.3 to 10.7 billion by 2050 (with 8.9 billion considered most likely), there are growing doubts as to the long-term sustainability of many traditional agricultural systems required to meet increasing global demand for food.
Nowhere is this more critical than within many of the world’s developing countries, and in particular, within those Low-income Food-deficit Countries (LIFDCs; currently representing over 62 percent of the world’s population) which are net importers of food and lack sufficient earnings to purchase food to cover basic dietary needs.
Of the different global food production systems, aquaculture is generally viewed as an important domestic provider of much needed high-quality animal protein and other essential nutrients (generally at affordable prices to the poorer segments of the community).
DID YOU GET THAT??? It’s very serious.
“Of the different global food production systems, aquaculture is generally viewed as an important domestic provider of much needed high-quality animal protein and other essential nutrients (generally at affordable prices to the poorer segments of the community). ”
It also is an important provider of employment opportunities, cash income and valuable foreign exchange, with developing countries producing over 90 percent of total aquaculture production by weight in 1998.
However, if aquaculture is to play an even greater role in improving food security and the alleviation of poverty, it is recommended that: 1) the actual and potential contribution of aquaculture to food security and poverty alleviation be fully documented; 2) funding for aquaculture for the poor should be increased, especially for countries where traditional aquaculture practices already exist; 3) aquaculture projects should do no harm to the food supplies of the poor; 4) existing aquaculture activities of the poor should be strengthened through the use of improved farmer/farming participatory systems research and people-centered development/extension approaches; 5) investment be encouraged to support knowledge building for management of sustainable aquaculture practices; 6) participatory production practices be pursued within a framework of sustainable integrated management of natural resources (including their improved use) and different agricultural production systems; 7) the focus should be on low-cost products favoured by the poor; 8) emphasis be placed on improving culture systems for aquatic species feeding low in the food chain; 9) production for local consumers/markets be encouraged; 10) community-based (rather than individual or corporate) production should be encouraged; 11) consumption of aquaculture products from a human nutrition viewpoint should be encouraged and promoted; and 12) food security impacts of aquaculture projects should be monitored.
KEY WORDS: Aquaculture, Malnutrition, Poverty, Food Security
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/AB412E/ab412e30.htm
December 10, 2008 at 4:02 pm
The Renaissance Man
I believe the issue here is the sustainability of humanity, and not just how to feed the world (even though it is one important step).
A few weeks ago a think tank in the U.S. (supportive of Republican policies) announced that the United States would no longer be an undisputed power within the next 15 years.
What does this all mean?
It means that finally we can start moving to systems that are more integrated and are not just there to feed Uncle Sam. This reframing of the world includes many of the points made in the article, on how aquaculture impacts and can impact further the interactions between nations and commerce. Aquaculture is just but the tip of the proverbial iceberg!
As mega-cities become more and more untenable, it only makes sense that decisions, and who makes them, need to be reframed also. Local control (with a global scope) only makes sense if we commit to change for the betterment of the world, instead of just ourselves.
It has become painfully clear that with the advent of this new (larger) economic crisis, everybody, absolutely everybody is more vulnerable. The trickle down effect is more powerful these days when we consume products (and foods) from around the world.
This is NOT about going back to the 60s, when many of us were hippies in various parts of the world. This is about getting rid of the conceptions that have operated for the past 50 … 100 years, and re-thinking how we will re-shape this environment we are all responsible for.
I believe that the concepts being promoted and developed by Island Bounty are worth supporting at a larger scale. They appear to hold a more integrated vision of the world, and that is refreshing.
January 4, 2009 at 10:47 am
jak
I hope the list of Online and Free Access Journals about Fisheries and Aquaculture will help the people who are interested in fishery. You can find the full list:
http://tinyurl.com/9lvln7